Аннотация
Uzbekistan is a country dependent on transboundary water resources in Central Asia, and the growth of population, agriculture, and energy demand is increasing water scarcity and environmental problems. The Aral Sea crisis is recognized as the largest consequence of this process. Although there are studies on water resources management in the region, Uzbekistan’s experience in integrating political, economic, and environmental cooperation mechanisms over transboundary waters has not been sufficiently studied. The research is based on the analysis of historical and modern documents, international agreements, and state strategies. The distribution of water in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins, the efficiency of irrigation systems, and the water–energy balance were comparatively evaluated. Mismanagement of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya flows accelerated the drying of the Aral Sea, resulting in climate change, soil salinization, and negative impacts on public health. Existing irrigation systems have a high level of water loss, and water consumption significantly exceeds international standards. In recent years, water-saving technologies (drip irrigation, laser leveling), digital monitoring systems, water–energy cooperation, and water diplomacy have been developed. New mechanisms for the use of water resources among neighboring countries are being established at the initiative of Uzbekistan. The study shows that water security must be addressed beyond national borders. For sustainable development, environmental security, and regional integration, it is necessary to ensure fair distribution of transboundary waters, the wide introduction of innovative technologies, and the strengthening of international cooperation.