Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical properties and environmental impact of three sustainable building materials—geopolymer concrete, recycled plastic composites, and biocomposites—produced using 3D printing technology. The materials were subjected to tensile, compressive, and flexural strength tests, and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate their environmental performance. The results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibits superior mechanical properties, making it suitable for load-bearing applications, despite its relatively high environmental impact. Recycled plastic composites, while environmentally favorable due to their low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and energy consumption, showed the lowest mechanical strength, limiting their use to non-structural roles. Biocomposites offered a balanced performance with moderate mechanical properties and a lower environmental impact, making them versatile for lightweight construction applications. This study highlights the trade-offs between mechanical performance and sustainability, providing valuable insights for the construction industry. The findings suggest the potential for these materials to contribute to more sustainable construction practices, with recommendations for further research and optimization to enhance their applicability and environmental performance.